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How can different animals perceive different colors?
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Different animals perceive different colors because they have different numbers[0] and types[1] of color-receptor cones in their eyes. As a consequence, some animals may see a very limited range of colors while others have a much wider range[2]. Humans have three types of cones but other animals may have few types of cones which limits the range of colors they can see[1]. Finally, some animals may see colors humans cannot see, as an example, the bee, which can see colors in the ultraviolet range, or the pit viper, which can see heat emitted from an object[2].
What is lithography in the context of chip-making?
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Lithography is a process used in semiconductor manufacturing to create patterns on a substrate. This is typically done by exposing the substrate to light through a mask with the desired pattern[1]. This is primarily done using steppers and scanners, which are equipped with optical light sources[2]. As the resolution of the patterns drops (to keep up with Moore's law), new litography techniques are needed such as: rule-based optimal proximity correction (OPC), model-based OPC, sub-resolution assist features (SRAF) as well as double and triple patterning[2]. There are also several next-generation ligthography technologis in development such as extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and multi-beam e-beam directed self-assembly (DSA).